Martin Mackay likes a joke about how decisions were made when he joined Astra­Zeneca as head of R&D two years ago. In his charming Scottish brogue, he quips that the Swedish-British drug firm “had more tollgates than the New Jersey Turnpike.” The joke falls flat with his colleagues in Europe, but his U.S. counterparts get the message: The hurdles to efficient and productive research were abundant. Read More